12 13

.................................................................................

There is a correlation between the density of pharmacies (facilities that dispense medicines) and pharmacists (Figure 3.4). Countries with higher densities of pharmacists also tend to have higher densities of pharmacies (R2 = 0.38, p < 0.001). African countries lack both pharmacies and pharmacists, which has implications for access to medicines given the inadequate availability (and likely inequitable distribution) of access points and skilled workforce.

Great Britain

Ukraine

Turkey

Netherlands

Switzerland

Spain

Romania

Moldova (Rep. of)

Macedonia (Rep. of)

Portugal

Norway

Malta

Lithuania

Italy

Israel

Ireland

Iceland

Hungary

Germany

France

Finland

Denmark

Czech Republic Croatia

Belgium

Albania

Thailand

Korea (Rep. of)

Nepal

India

Bhutan

Bangladesh

PIC

Vietnam

China Taiwan

Singapore

Philippines

New Zealand

Malaysia

Japan

Hong Kong SAR, China

Cambodia

Pakistan

Jordan

Iran

Egypt

Afghanistan Uruguay

Mexico

Grenada

Costa Rica

Zimbabwe

Zambia

Somalia

Senegal

Mali Malawi

Ghana

EthiopiaCongo (Dem. Rep. of) Cameroon

Burundi

Pharmacists per 10,000 population

302520151050

Ph ar

m ac

ie s

pe r 1

0, 00

0 po

pu la

ti on

6

4

2

0

R2 Linear = 0.360

Figure 3.4. Pharmacists and pharmacies per 10,000 population (n=76 countries and territories)

................................................................................. .................................................................................

There are also relationships between the economic status of a country as measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, health expenditure per capita, and pharmacist densities (Figure 3.5). There is an implication that spending on health and pharmacist availability are functions of economic development. Pharmacist density regresses independently with GNI.

[GNI and Health expenditure data source: World Bank 2011. GNI and health expenditure adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) in US$]

.................................................................................

Health expenditure per capita (current US$)

100001000100

G N

I p er

c ap

it a

(c ur

re nt

U S$

)

60000

40000

30000

20000

10000

<5 5 10 15 20

25

Pharmacists per 10,000 population

50000

Figure 3.5. Pharmacists and health expenditure (n=82 countries and territories) per 10,000 population