12 13
.................................................................................
There is a correlation between the density of pharmacies (facilities that dispense medicines) and pharmacists (Figure 3.4). Countries with higher densities of pharmacists also tend to have higher densities of pharmacies (R2 = 0.38, p < 0.001). African countries lack both pharmacies and pharmacists, which has implications for access to medicines given the inadequate availability (and likely inequitable distribution) of access points and skilled workforce.
Great Britain
Ukraine
Turkey
Netherlands
Switzerland
Spain
Romania
Moldova (Rep. of)
Macedonia (Rep. of)
Portugal
Norway
Malta
Lithuania
Italy
Israel
Ireland
Iceland
Hungary
Germany
France
Finland
Denmark
Czech Republic Croatia
Belgium
Albania
Thailand
Korea (Rep. of)
Nepal
India
Bhutan
Bangladesh
PIC
Vietnam
China Taiwan
Singapore
Philippines
New Zealand
Malaysia
Japan
Hong Kong SAR, China
Cambodia
Pakistan
Jordan
Iran
Egypt
Afghanistan Uruguay
Mexico
Grenada
Costa Rica
Zimbabwe
Zambia
Somalia
Senegal
Mali Malawi
Ghana
EthiopiaCongo (Dem. Rep. of) Cameroon
Burundi
Pharmacists per 10,000 population
302520151050
Ph ar
m ac
ie s
pe r 1
0, 00
0 po
pu la
ti on
6
4
2
0
R2 Linear = 0.360
Figure 3.4. Pharmacists and pharmacies per 10,000 population (n=76 countries and territories)
................................................................................. .................................................................................
There are also relationships between the economic status of a country as measured by Gross National Income (GNI) per capita, health expenditure per capita, and pharmacist densities (Figure 3.5). There is an implication that spending on health and pharmacist availability are functions of economic development. Pharmacist density regresses independently with GNI.
[GNI and Health expenditure data source: World Bank 2011. GNI and health expenditure adjusted for purchasing power parity (PPP) in US$]
.................................................................................
Health expenditure per capita (current US$)
100001000100
G N
I p er
c ap
it a
(c ur
re nt
U S$
)
60000
40000
30000
20000
10000
<5 5 10 15 20
25
Pharmacists per 10,000 population
50000
Figure 3.5. Pharmacists and health expenditure (n=82 countries and territories) per 10,000 population